ECONOMICS

Course Content

1. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name INT100 Introduction to University Life
Local Credits / Ects 1/2
Course Description The scope of the course is to introduce the university life consisting of scientific, social, artistic and sporting activities as well as university introduction and professional knowledge. The aim of the course is to help students solve the following questions: What is being a university? What values ​​does life offer? Why are you at Hasan Kalyoncu University? What are the principles, approaches and rules of Hasan Kalyoncu University? What are the facilities and services offered by Hasan Kalyoncu University? How will you know the campus and its immediate surroundings of Hasan Kalyoncu University? How can you benefit from scientific, social, artistic and sporting activities?
Course Code and Name IKT113 Information Technologies
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Information Technologies
Course Code and Name IKT109 The Fundamental Communication for Academic Success
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description The Fundamental Communication for Academic Success
Course Code and Name IKT101 Introduction to Economics I
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Definition of Economics, Methodology and Relation with Other Disciplines / Basic Economic Concepts and Problems / Demand, Demand Function, Demand Elasticity and Consumer Rent / Supply, Supply Function, Supply Elasticity and Producer Rent / Production Function and Firm Costs / Fully Competitive Market Balance and Determination of Price / Government Intervention and Results / Short Term Firm Equilibrium in Perfect Competition Market / Long Term Firm and Industrial Equilibrium / Short and Long Term Firm Equilibrium in Monopoly and Monopoly Market / Price Discrimination in Monopolistic Competition / Equilibrium in Oligopoly Market Determination of Factor Markets and Prices of Production Factors: Labor Market and Wage, Capital Market and Interest Rate, Land Market and Annuity, Entrepreneur and Profit / Externalities, Social Benefit and Cost, Economic Analysis of Special Benefit and Cost / Environmental Problems / Market Failures
Course Code and Name IKT105 Mathematics I
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Basic Mathematical Knowledge / Permutation and Combination / Identities and Equations / Inequalities / Set Theory / Functions and Functional Operations / Linear Functions and Applications / Nonlinear Functions and Applications / Sequences and Series / Limit / Derivatives and Applications / Graphing and Applications
Course Code and Name IKT103 Social Responsibility Projects I
Local Credits / Ects 2/4
Course Description With this course, our students will be able to participate effectively in various social welfare organizations and meet people from different segments of the society and from different income groups (women, elderly and children), and to help them become more sensitive and responsible individuals in the society through various projects.
Course Code and Name IKT107 Introduction to Sociology
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Sociological Perspective / Basic Concepts of Sociology / Development of Sociological Thought and Sociological Theories / Sociological Research Methods / Individual and Society: Cooperation, Competition, Conflict / Culture and Society Formation and Development / Socialization / Society and Social Interaction / Social Groups and Formal Organizations / Society Types : Hunter and Gatherer, Agriculture, Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies / Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, Democratic Revolutions / Social Stratification / Religion / Politics / Family / Education / Economic Life / Social Change and Globalization
Course Code and Name ING101 English I
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description The main objective of the English I course is to provide the student with a foreign language background. In this course, students acquire basic grammar knowledge of English. In these courses, where systematic foreign language education is given, students’ speaking, writing, reading and listening skills are developed. In order to improve students’ knowledge of English, these courses are designed to provide students with the foundation of a foreign language to understand academic texts as well as the foreign language they can use in their daily lives..
Course Code and Name TUR101 Turkish Language and Literature I
Local Credits / Ects 2/2
Course Description Definition and Importance of Language / The Relationship Between Language and Culture / The Place and History of Turkish Among World Languages ​​/ Current Status and Spreading Areas of Turkish Language / Sounds and Classification in Turkish / Syllable Knowledge / Spelling and Punctuation in Turkish / Root and Attachments / Sentence Knowledge Expression Disorders
Course Code and Name AIIT101 Ataturk’s Principles and History of Turkish Revolution I
Local Credits / Ects 2/2
Course Description The Fall of the Ottoman Empire / Fragmentation / Opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly / Revolutions in Social Spaces / Transition to Multi-Party Life.

2. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name AIIT102 Atatürk’s Principles and History of Turkish Revolution II
Local Credits / Ects 2/2
Course Description The Opening of the Parliament and the Acceptance of the National Pact / Occupation of Istanbul / T.B.M.M. Opening / Sevres Peace Treaty / Independence Courts / National Struggle Movement After 23 April 1920 / Eastern Front Operation / I.Inönü Victory / Adoption of the First Constitution / II. İnönü Victory / Kütahya-Eskişehir War / Sakarya Battle / Ankara Treaty / Great Offensive / Abolition of Sultanate / Mudanya Armistice / Lausanne Treaty / Declaration of the Republic / Abolition of the Caliphate / 1924 Constitution / Revolutions Made after the Announcement of the Republic Transition Trials / Turkish Foreign Policy in 1923-1930 Period / Turkish Foreign Policy Between 1930-1938 / Explanation of Atatürk ‘s Principles.
Course Code and Name TUR102 Turkish Language and Literature II
Local Credits / Ects 2/2
Course Description Letter types, features and rules / Examples / Characteristics of article type, rules and examples / Writing rules and examples of jokes with ideas / examples / Using bibliography / How to write biography, what is the place in literature? / What should be considered in the travel article? / Place of memories in literature and writing rules / Essays and differences from other genres / Book and journal review / Conference / Open Session / Panel / Panel preparation, implementation and conclusion / Symposium / Debate: Rules and results.
Course Code and Name ING102 English II
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description This course is a continuation of English I and includes pre-intermediate subjects at intermediate level. While focusing on grammatical structures, the development of all language skills in various ways is encouraged. Exercises focus on listening, verbal communication or reading comprehension skills or a combination of these.
Course Code and Name IKt109 Introduction to Programming
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Introduction to Programming
Course Code and Name IKT106 Mathematics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Limits and Continuity, Derivative, Rules of Derivative Calculation, Higher Derivatives / Calculation of Implicit Functions and Derivatives / Increasing-Decreasing Functions / Concave and Convexity / Relative End Points / Bend Points / Curve Plot / Optimization of Functions / Marginal Concept of Economy / Optimization of Economic Functions / Relation Between Marginal and Mean Functions / Exponential and Logarithmic Functions / Properties of Logarithms / Solution of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions / Derivatives of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions / Compound Interest Calculation / Estimation of Growth Rates from Data / Integral Calculation / Indefinite Integral and Integral Rules / A Curve Area under. Specific Integrals and Properties / Area Between Curves / Variable Variation / Partial Integral / Present Value of a Cash Flow / Consumer and Producer Surplus / Multivariable Functions / Partial Derivatives / Second Order Partial Derivatives / Optimization of Multivariable Functions / Restricted Optimization with Economy Optimization of Multivariable Functions / Constrained Optimization / Cobb-Douglas Constrained Optimization of Production Function / Closed and Inverse Function Rules /
Course Code and Name ISL108 Introduction to Business Administration
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Basic concepts of business / Management functions (Planning, organization) / Management functions (Execution, coordination, supervision / Human resources management (Concept, scope, importance, basic principles) / Human resources management (Basic functions) / Production management (Production systems) / Production management (Capacity and capacity planning) / Marketing management (Definition, development, importance, functions, factors affecting marketing) / Marketing management (Marketing mix, market research) / Accounting management / Financial management / Public relations / Information and technology management
Course Code and Name SBU104 Introduction to Political Science
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description What is politics? / Politics work / Governments, Systems and Regimes / Modern world systems, Political ideologies, / Democracy / State / Nations and Types of Nationalism / Global politics / The dynamics of globalization / Political culture, identity and legitimacy / Parties and party systems / Groups, interests and movements / Political processes and system
Course Code and Name IKT102 Introduction to Economics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Development and Fundamentals of Macroeconomics / Measurement of Macroeconomic Activities: Concepts Related to National Income and National Income Calculation Methods / Total Demand, Total Supply and Macro Economic Analysis / Classical and Keynesian Fundamentals of Macroeconomics / Basic Keynesian Model and Determination of National Income / Nature and History of Money / Impact of Money on Economy: Classical and Keynesian Views / Expectations and Flexible-Sticky Price Debate / Inflation / Employment, Unemployment and Inflation / Economic Fluctuations / Macro-Economic Policies / Contemporary Macro-Economic Perspectives / International Trade Theory and Foreign Trade Policy / Foreign Exchange, Foreign Exchange Rate, Balance of Payments and External Equilibrium / International Monetary System / International Factor Movements and Economic Mergers / Economic Growth and Development / Economic Systems: Capitalism, Communism and Transition to Capitalism / Historical Development of Economic Thought
Course Code and Name HUK106 Introduction to Law
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Social order / Sources of positive law / Application of legal rules / Legalization / Legal systems / Classification of legal rules / Mid-term exam / Concept of rights / Legal events, acts and transactions / Person and personality / Family concept / Heritage concept / Property concept / Responsibility, Judicial organization

3. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name ISL201 General Accounting I
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Economic Activities and Accounting / Accounting: Definition, Concepts and Functions / Financial Statements: Balance Sheet and Income Statements / Calculation of Balance Sheet and Profit / Account Concept and Operation, Recording Methods, Account and Balance Sheet Relationship / Accounting Tools: Journal Book, Big Book, Inventory / Accounting Process: Period-Period Transactions and Trial Balance, Period-End Transactions / Registration Regulation in Turkey / Proof of Documents / Sample Solutions Related to Accounting Process / Balance Sheet and Income Statement Principles / Uniform Accounting System and Uniform Accounting Plan in Turkey Continuous Inventory Methods / Value Added Tax and its Accounting / Special Consumption and Special Communication Taxes
Course Code and Name IKT231 Statistics I
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Definition of Statistics-Meaning and History / Collection and Arrangement of Data / Classification and Grouping / Series and Graphs / Sensitive and Non-Sensitive Means / Ratios / Variability and Partition Measures / Indices / Probability and Probability Distributions / Binomial Hypergeometric Poisson Divisions / Normal Divide / Time Series Analysis
Course Code and Name IKT247 Public Economics
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Market economy and public economy separation / Market failures / Economic rationale for public sector / Public goods theory / Basic features of public services (defense, education, health, etc.) / Externalities / Decision making processes in public economy
Course Code and Name IKT203 Macroeconomics I
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Macroeconomics: Economic Growth and Fluctuations / Measurement of Economy 1: Measurement of Output / Measurement of Economics2: Inflation / Measurement of Economics 3: Measurement of Unemployment / Economy 4: Interest Rate, Exchange Rate and Balance of Payments / Planned Expenditure and Product Level: Simple Keynesian Model / Planned Expenditure, Interest Rate and Product Level: IS-LM Model / Total Demand and Total Supply / Output and Price Level: Alternative Macro Models / Total Planned Expenditure and Product Level in Open Economy / Balance of Payments, Interest Rate and Product Level: IS-LM- BP Model / Exchange Rate, Output and Inflation: Open Economy Total Supply – Total Demand Model
Course Code and Name IKT201 Microeconomics
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Introduction: Allocation of Scarce Resources and Economic Models / Demand, Supply, Market Balance and Government Interventions / Application of Supply-Demand Model / Consumer Choice and Applications / Firm, Production and Production Function / Firm Costs / Competitive Firms and Markets / Applications of Competitive Models / Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition / Firm Strategies: Blocking Entry, Using Cost Advantages and Promotion-Advertising

4. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name ISL202 General Accounting II
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Accounting of Commercial Goods Purchase and Sale Transactions / Accounting of Receivables and Payables Transactions Outside of Goods Purchase and Sale Transactions / Accounting of Expense Transactions / Accounting of Expense Transactions / Accounting of Securities Transactions / Accounting of Foreign Currency Transactions / Accounting of Securities Transactions Accounting / Advance Tax Accounting / Off-Balance Sheet Accounts
Course Code and Name IKT248 Mathematical Economics
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Mathematical Economics
Course Code and Name IKT232 Statistics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Sampling Theories / Point and Range Estimates / Hypothesis Testing / Chi-Square Tests / Nonparametric Tests / Linear Correlation and Regression / Analysis of Variance / Analysis of Time Series and Estimation / Statistical Decision Making Theory
Course Code and Name IKT204 Macroeconomics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Money Demand / Money Supply / Monetary and Fiscal Policy / Micro Foundations: Consumption / Micro Foundations: Investment / Budget Deficits and Government Debts / Economic Growth / Real Economic Fluctuations Theory / Taylor-Romer Model
Course Code and Name IKT202 Microeconomics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Factor Markets and Vertical Integration: Competitive Factor Markets, Impact of Monopolies, Monopson and Vertical Integration / Interest Rates, Investments and Capital Markets / Uncertainty, Risk and Decision Making / Externalities, Common Areas and Public Goods / Asymmetric Information / Contracts and Moral Risks

5. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name IKT329 Science, Technology and Digital Economy
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Definition, purpose and measurement of science and technology. Phases of technological development and new technologies. Characteristics of old and new technological systems at firm and national economy level. Objectives and tools of science and technology policies. Analysis of high technologies and sectors. Research policies and university-industry cooperation. Ways of achieving scientific and technological developments. The effect of science and technology policies on basic economic variables. The current status of Turkish industry, the future of Turkish industry and providing policy development, R & D concept, R & D activities in Turkey, comparison of R & D policies and with developed countries in Turkey, science and the concept of technology policy, science and technology activities in Turkey, science and Turkey technology policy studies and comparison with developed countries
Course Code and Name IKT305 Financial Markets
Local Credits / Ects 2/4
Course Description Financial Assets / Financial Markets / Globalization and Derivative Markets / Financial Intermediaries and New Developments in Markets / Deposit Acceptors / Central Banking and Monetary Policy / Insurance Companies / Investment Companies and Pension Funds / Determination of Securities Prices and Interest Rates / General Level of Interest Rates and Structure / Structure and Operation of Primary and Secondary Markets / Public Securities Market / Private Bonds Market / Stock Markets / Futures Markets / Option Markets / Swap Markets.
Course Code and Name IKT 303 Econometrics I
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Definition of Econometrics and Econometric Approach / Verbal, Geometric, Mathematical and Econometric Models / Statistical Theory and Econometric Techniques / Structural Analysis, Preliminary Reporting and Economic Policy Evaluation / Economic Events, Economic Data and Refining of Data / Descriptive Measures / Simple Correlation Coefficient / Estimation and Hypothesis Tests / Simple Linear Regression Model / Least Squares Estimation / Interpretation of Regression Estimates and Determination Coefficients / Properties of Regression Coefficients / Hypothesis Tests / Sample Solutions / Multiple Regression Analysis Multiple Determination Coefficient / Variable Variables / Function Choices / Semi-Logarithmic Models F Tests in Multiple Regression
Course Code and Name IKT301 International Economics I
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description International Trade Theory in terms of Supply: Theory of Absolute and Comparative Advantages / Hecksher-Ohlin Theorem and Criticism / International Trade Theory in terms of Demand: Mutual Demand Law, Proposal Curves, Criticism of Mutual Demand Law / Social Indifference Curves and General Balance Analysis in Foreign Trade / Other International Trade Theories / Terms of Trade / Impoverished Growth / Balance of Payments, Balance of Payments, Money and Payments Balance / Exchange Market, Exchange Rate, Exchange Rate System Concept, International Monetary System / Fixed Exchange Rate System / Fixed Adjustable Exchange Rate System / Devaluation and Revaluation / Elasticities Approach: Marshall-Robinson-Lerner Charter / Massification Approach / Monetarist Approach / Floating Exchange Rates / Exchange Rate Systems in Practice / Open Economy Macroeconomics
Course Code and Name IKT327 Research Methods in Economics
Local Credits / Ects 2/4
Course Description The main objective of this course is to examine the research process (problem determination, data collection, data analysis and interpretation of results), to review the major scientific research methods (experimental method, description method, historical method, etc.) and to enable students to conduct research on a specific topic. literature finding, data collection, data evaluation and report writing techniques. Some statistical and bibliographic software packages for data evaluation and report writing will also be used throughout the course.
Course Code and Name IKT331 Statistical Data Analysis
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Statistical Data Analysis

6. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name IKT330 R&D and Project Management
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Introduction to Project Management / Project Life Cycle and Organization / General Project Management / Project Integration Management / Project Scope Management / Project Time Management / Project Cost Management / Project Quality Management / Project Human Resources Management / Project Communication Management / Project Risk Management / Project Procurement Management / Project Closing / Presentations of Projects
Course Code and Name IKT316 History of Economic Thought
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Definition, Scope, Method and Relation of History of Economic Thought and Relation with Other Disciplines / Economic Thought in Ancient Age / Economic Thought in the Middle Ages / From Mercantilism / Mercantilism to Classical Theory: Liberal Thoughts / Physiocracy / Classical Theory / David Ricardo / T.Malthus / JBSay / HC Carey / WN Senior / A General Analysis and Criticism of Classical Theory / First Reactions to Classical: Marxism / Historian School / Marginalism / Marginalism: Austrian School / Marginalism: Lausanne School / Neoclassical Economics / J.M. Keynes / Monetarism / Rational Expectations Theory: New Classical and New Keynesian Schools / Rational Expectations Theory: Real Conjuncture Theory.
Course Code and Name IKT306 Monetary Theory and Policy
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Money and Economy / The Nature of Money, Payment Systems and Financial System / Money Standards, Central Banking and Free Banking / Money Supply Analysis / Money Demand Analysis / Keynesian-Neoclassical Synthesis / Rational Expectations and Money / Money, Inflation, Unemployment and Inflation / Interest Theories, Inflation and Money / Monetary Policy Science-Art Discussion / Application Problems in Monetary Policy / Objectives, Instruments, Targets and Indicators of Monetary Policy / Impact Channels of Monetary Policy / Effectiveness of Monetary Policy / Open Economy and Monetary Policy / International Policy Coordination / Monetary and Public Finance Inflationary Monetary Policy.
Course Code and Name IKT304 Econometrics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Analysis of Variance / Chow Test / Violation of the Assumption of Normality / Violation of the Zero Mean Assumption / Violation of the Homoscedasticide Assumption / Heteroskedasticide Tests and Problem Solving / Autocorrelation Assumption / Solution of the Problem / Autocorrelation Tests Detection and Testing / Solution of Multiple Linear Relations
Course Code and Name IKT302 International Economics II
Local Credits / Ects 3/5
Course Description Arguments of Restriction of International Trade / Customs Tariffs, Small Country and Large Country Model, Effect of Tariffs on Prices and Terms of Trade / Optimum Tariff, Effective Customs Tariff Rate and Macro Effect of Tariffs / Quotas, Effects and Tariffs / Subsidies and Impacts / Dumping and International Price Differentiation / International Trade Policy Other Tools / practice of International Trade Policy: GATT and the world Trade Organization, the State’s Direct Trading and Planned Economy in Foreign Trade / Foreign Trade Planning and Technical / Economic Integration and Customs Union Theory / Turkey-EU Relations / International Reserves and Liquidity / Euro-Dollar Market / International Financial Markets and Foreign Debts of Emerging Economies / Stabilization of Goods Prices in Emerging Economies / International Factor Movements

7. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name IKT401 Growth and Development Economics
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Development and Underdevelopment / Approaches Explaining Underdevelopment / Capital Accumulation and Technology / Financing of Development / Population, Employment Problems and Human Capital in Development / Development and Foreign Trade / Resource Allocation Problem / Development and Industrialization Strategies / Determinants of Sustainable Development and Poverty / Development Planning / Economic Growth and External Growth Theories / Internal Growth Theories
Course Code and Name IKT411 Economic Policy
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Concepts, Political-Institutional Framework / Objectives, Tools and Strategies / Main Problems and Discussion Issues in Economic Policy / Determination of Economic Policy / Economic Fluctuations / Keynesian and Monetarist Stability Policies / Rational Expectations and Stability Policy: New Classical and New Keynesian Approaches / Inflation and Unemployment / Combating Inflation / Recession and Financial Crises / Money Supply / Money Demand and Monetary Impact Channels / Monetary Policy Indicators, Targets and Treasury Debt Management Policy / Budget Deficits, Inflation and Deficit Financing / Fiscal Policy and Money and Fiscal Policies Effectiveness / Monetary and Fiscal Policies Intersection of Financial Policies: The Friedman Rule, Optimal Seigniorage Theory and Olivera-Tanzi Effect in Inflationary Financing Policy / Monetary Policy
Course Code and Name IKT409 Competition in the Global Economy
Local Credits / Ects 2/3
Course Description Global Competition Challenge / An Overview of International Economic Competition / Changing Economic Conditions in the World / Costs and Benefits of Globalization / Reflections of Globalization Policies / International Competition: Global Companies / Competition of Global Companies
Course Code and Name IKT407 Turkish Tax System
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Turkish Tax System and Tax Types / Income Tax, concepts, elements, sources / Taxation of Commercial Earnings / Taxation of Agricultural Earnings and Wages / Taxation of Self-employed Gains and Securities Income / Taxation of Real Estate Capital Income and Other Income and Income Corporate Tax and Application / Taxation Regime in Corporate Tax, Exemption and Exemptions / Inheritance and Transfer Tax, Exemption and Exemptions / Real Estate and Motor Vehicles Tax / Value Added Tax (VAT), Exemption Applications, Declaration and Payment / Special Consumption Tax (SCT), Exceptions, levy-declaration and payment.
Course Code and Name IKT405 Financial Economics
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Firm Behavior Theory / Analysis of Competitive and Incomplete Competition Markets, Game Theory / Asymmetric Information / Effect of Uncertainty on Behavior of Decision Units Firm Behaviors in Banking / Insurance / International Finance and Applications from Financial Markets.
Course Code and Name IKT403 Turkey Economy
Local Credits / Ects 3/4
Course Description Economic policies of the Ottoman Republic / Republic of Turkey in 1923 and has inherited the legacy of Economics / first fifteen years, institutional arrangements and economic development / Economy of Turkey period 1939-50 / 1950-60 Period Liberal Development Model, 1960-1978 Period: Development plans and Economic development / Economic Crisis, January 24 Stability Program / 1980s economic liberalization Applications, Privatization Program / in the 1990s Turkey Economics / 2000s Turkey Economy: inflation-Fighting Program in November 2000 and February 2001 crises and Powerful Transition to Economy Program / Analysis of Basic Economic Sectors: Agricultural, Industrial and Service Sectors in 1980-2002 Period / Foreign Economic Developments in 1980-2002 Period: Liberalization in Foreign Economic Relations: Globalization, EU Relations / Capital Market in 1980-2002 Period: Banking Sector, Central Bank / 1980–2002 Term Is it in the Public Sector / Turkey Population, Labor and Employment Issues / Income Distribution in Turkey.

8. ACADEMIC SEMESTER

Course Code and Name IKT400 Cooperative Education
Local Credits / Ects 6/30
Course Description In this course; students, theoretical knowledge they learned in lessons, business people to be invited from outside the university, experts and art people will participate in chats, seminars, conferences and so on. learn the characteristics of the industries and the subtleties of the works. In this context, internship-type applications may also be in question, and students will be able to learn how the professions are practiced in their desired sectors by seeing and experiencing themselves.